The following references provide the scientific foundation and data sources that underpin the analyses and findings presented in the 2025 Starfish Barometer. They include peer-reviewed articles, official datasets, and authoritative reports from leading research institutions and international organizations. Each reference is linked to its original source for further consultation.
Blythe, J. L., Gill, D. A., Claudet, J., Bennett, N. J., Gurney, G. G., Baggio, J. A., Ban, N. C., Bernard, M. L., Brun, V., Darling, E. S., et al.: Blue justice: A review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements, Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures, 1, e15, https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4, 2023.
CBD: Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, https://www.cbd.int/gbf (last access: 18 April 2025), 2022.
Claudet, J., Bopp, L., Cheung, W. W. L., Devillers, R., Escobar-Briones, E., Haugan, P., Heymans, J. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Matz-Lück, N., Miloslavich, P., et al.: A Roadmap for Using the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development in Support of Science, Policy, and Action, One Earth, 2, 34–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.012, 2020.
Claudet, J., Blythe, J., Gill, D. A., Bennett, N. J., Gurney, G. G., Evans, L., Mahajan, S. L., Turner, R. A., Ahmadia, G. N., Ban, N. C., et al.: Advancing ocean equity at the nexus of development, climate and conservation policy, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 8, 1205–1208, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02417-5, 2024.
Pike, E. P., MacCarthy, J. M. C., Hameed, S. O., Harasta, N., Grorud-Colvert, K., Sullivan-Stack, J., Claudet, J., Horta E Costa, B., Gonçalves, E. J., Villagomez, A., and Morgan, L.: Ocean protection quality is lagging behind quantity: Applying a scientific framework to assess real marine protected area progress against the 30 by 30 target, Conservation Letters, 17, e13020, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13020, 2024.
Shellock, R. J., Fullbrook, L., McKinley, E., Cvitanovic, C., Kelly, R., and Martin, V.: The nature and use of Ocean Literacy in achieving sustainable ocean futures: A Systematic Map, Ocean & Coastal Management, 257, 107325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107325, 2024.
Strand, M., Retter, G.-B., Khan, M., Frid, A., Hudson, M., Leonard, K., Paul, K., Baron-Aguilar, C., Boswell, R., Cisneros-Montemayor, A., et al.: Co-producing Sustainable Ocean Plans with Indigenous and traditional knowledge holders, World Resources Institute, Washington DC, https://doi.org/10.69902/8f1075e8, 2024.
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Chaudhary, C., Richardson, A. J., Schoeman, D. S., and Costello, M. J.: Global warming is causing a more pronounced dip in marine species richness around the equator, PNAS, 118, e2015094118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015094118, 2021.
Cosby, A. G., Lebakula, V., Smith, C. N., Wanik, D. W., Bergene, K., Rose, A. N., Swanson, D., and Bloom, D. E.: Accelerating growth of human coastal populations at the global and continent levels: 2000–2018, Scientific Reports, 14, 22489, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73287-x, 2024.
FAO: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024, FAO, Rome, 264 pp., https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en, ISBN: 978-92-5-138763-4, 2024.
Galgani, F., Lusher, A. L., Strand, J., Haarr, M. L., Vinci, M., Molina Jack, E., Kagi, R., Aliani, S., Herzke, D., Nikiforov, V., Primpke, S., Schmidt, N., Fabres, J., De Witte, B., Solbakken, V. S., and van Bavel, B.: Revisiting the strategy for marine litter monitoring within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), Ocean & Coastal Management, 255, 107254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107254, 2024.
Harris, P. T., Maes, T., Raubenheimer, K., and Walsh, J. P.: A marine plastic cloud – Global mass balance assessment of oceanic plastic pollution, Continental Shelf Research, 255, 104947, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.104947, 2023.
Losciale, R., Day, J. C., Rasheed, M. A., and Heron, S. F.: The vulnerability of World Heritage seagrass habitats to climate change, Global Change Biology, 30, e17113, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17113, 2024.
Nawarat, K., Reyns, J., Vousdoukas, M. I., Duong, T. M., Kras, E., and Ranasinghe, R.: Coastal hardening and what it means for the world’s sandy beaches, Nature Communications, 15, 10626, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54952-1, 2024.
Paolo, F. S., Kroodsma, D., Raynor, J., Hochberg, T., Davis, P., Cleary, J., Marsaglia, L., Orofino, S., Thomas, C., and Halpin, P.: Satellite mapping reveals extensive industrial activity at sea, Nature, 625, 85–91, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8, 2024.
Ren, C.-G., Zhong, Z.-H., Liu, Z.-Y., Lin, S., Luo, Y.-K., and Qin, S.: The ever-lasting green tides: What can we do?, Heliyon, 10(3), e25220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25220, 2024.
UNEP: From Pollution to Solution: A global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution, 2021.
Impacts sociétaux
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Blythe, J. L., Gill, D. A., Claudet, J., Bennett, N. J., Gurney, G. G., Baggio, J. A., Ban, N. C., Bernard, M. L., Brun, V., Darling, E. S., et al.: Blue justice: A review of emerging scholarship and resistance movements, Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures, 1, e15, https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2023.4, 2023.
CBD: Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, https://www.cbd.int/gbf (last access: 18 April 2025), 2022.
Claudet, J., Bopp, L., Cheung, W. W. L., Devillers, R., Escobar-Briones, E., Haugan, P., Heymans, J. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Matz-Lück, N., Miloslavich, P., et al.: A Roadmap for Using the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development in Support of Science, Policy, and Action, One Earth, 2, 34–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.012, 2020.
Claudet, J., Blythe, J., Gill, D. A., Bennett, N. J., Gurney, G. G., Evans, L., Mahajan, S. L., Turner, R. A., Ahmadia, G. N., Ban, N. C., et al.: Advancing ocean equity at the nexus of development, climate and conservation policy, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 8, 1205–1208, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02417-5, 2024.
Pike, E. P., MacCarthy, J. M. C., Hameed, S. O., Harasta, N., Grorud-Colvert, K., Sullivan-Stack, J., Claudet, J., Horta E Costa, B., Gonçalves, E. J., Villagomez, A., and Morgan, L.: Ocean protection quality is lagging behind quantity: Applying a scientific framework to assess real marine protected area progress against the 30 by 30 target, Conservation Letters, 17, e13020, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13020, 2024.
Shellock, R. J., Fullbrook, L., McKinley, E., Cvitanovic, C., Kelly, R., and Martin, V.: The nature and use of Ocean Literacy in achieving sustainable ocean futures: A Systematic Map, Ocean & Coastal Management, 257, 107325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107325, 2024.
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FAO: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024, FAO, Rome, 264 pp., https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en, ISBN: 978-92-5-138763-4, 2024.
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Shellock, R. J., Fullbrook, L., McKinley, E., Cvitanovic, C., Kelly, R., and Martin, V.: The nature and use of Ocean Literacy in achieving sustainable ocean futures: A Systematic Map, Ocean & Coastal Management, 257, 107325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107325, 2024.
